2.2.47 Problem 47

Internal problem ID [9170]
Book : Second order enumerated odes
Section : section 2
Problem number : 47
Date solved : Thursday, March 13, 2025 at 06:58:38 PM
CAS classification : [[_3rd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]

Solve

\begin{align*} y^{\prime \prime \prime }-x y&=0 \end{align*}

✓ Maple. Time used: 0.008 (sec). Leaf size: 45

ode:=diff(diff(diff(y(x),x),x),x)-x*y(x) = 0; 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

\[ y = c_{1} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [\right ], \left [\frac {1}{2}, \frac {3}{4}\right ], \frac {x^{4}}{64}\right )+c_{2} x \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [\right ], \left [\frac {3}{4}, \frac {5}{4}\right ], \frac {x^{4}}{64}\right )+c_3 \,x^{2} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [\right ], \left [\frac {5}{4}, \frac {3}{2}\right ], \frac {x^{4}}{64}\right ) \]

Maple trace

`Methods for third order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
checking if the LODE has constant coefficients 
checking if the LODE is of Euler type 
trying high order exact linear fully integrable 
trying to convert to a linear ODE with constant coefficients 
trying differential order: 3; missing the dependent variable 
trying Louvillian solutions for 3rd order ODEs, imprimitive case 
-> pFq: Equivalence to the 3F2 or one of its 3 confluent cases under a power @ Moebius 
<- pFq successful: received ODE is equivalent to the  0F2  ODE, case  c = 0 `
 

Maple step by step

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{3}}{d x^{3}}y \left (x \right )-x y \left (x \right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 3 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{3}}{d x^{3}}y \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Assume series solution for}\hspace {3pt} y \left (x \right ) \\ {} & {} & y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k} \\ \square & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} x \cdot y \left (x \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & x \cdot y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k +1} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k -1 \\ {} & {} & x \cdot y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =1}{\sum }}a_{k -1} x^{k} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Convert}\hspace {3pt} \frac {d^{3}}{d x^{3}}y \left (x \right )\hspace {3pt}\textrm {to series expansion}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{3}}{d x^{3}}y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =3}{\sum }}a_{k} k \left (k -1\right ) \left (k -2\right ) x^{k -3} \\ {} & \circ & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +3 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d^{3}}{d x^{3}}y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k +3} \left (k +3\right ) \left (k +2\right ) \left (k +1\right ) x^{k} \\ & {} & \textrm {Rewrite ODE with series expansions}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & 6 a_{3}+\left (\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =1}{\sum }}\left (a_{k +3} \left (k +3\right ) \left (k +2\right ) \left (k +1\right )-a_{k -1}\right ) x^{k}\right )=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term must be 0}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & 6 a_{3}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Each term in the series must be 0, giving the recursion relation}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left (k^{3}+6 k^{2}+11 k +6\right ) a_{k +3}-a_{k -1}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Shift index using}\hspace {3pt} k \mathrm {->}k +1 \\ {} & {} & \left (\left (k +1\right )^{3}+6 \left (k +1\right )^{2}+11 k +17\right ) a_{k +4}-a_{k}=0 \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Recursion relation that defines the series solution to the ODE}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \left [y \left (x \right )=\moverset {\infty }{\munderset {k =0}{\sum }}a_{k} x^{k}, a_{k +4}=\frac {a_{k}}{k^{3}+9 k^{2}+26 k +24}, 6 a_{3}=0\right ] \end {array} \]

✓ Mathematica. Time used: 0.008 (sec). Leaf size: 76

ode=D[y[x],{x,3}]-x*y[x]==0; 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

\[ y(x)\to c_1 \, _0F_2\left (;\frac {1}{2},\frac {3}{4};\frac {x^4}{64}\right )+\frac {1}{8} x \left ((2+2 i) c_2 \, _0F_2\left (;\frac {3}{4},\frac {5}{4};\frac {x^4}{64}\right )+i c_3 x \, _0F_2\left (;\frac {5}{4},\frac {3}{2};\frac {x^4}{64}\right )\right ) \]

✗ Sympy

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
y = Function("y") 
ode = Eq(-x*y(x) + Derivative(y(x), (x, 3)),0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
 

NotImplementedError : solve: Cannot solve -x*y(x) + Derivative(y(x), (x, 3))