2.1.50 Problem 50

Internal problem ID [9034]
Book : First order enumerated odes
Section : section 1
Problem number : 50
Date solved : Wednesday, March 05, 2025 at 07:15:03 AM
CAS classification : [[_homogeneous, `class C`], _dAlembert]

Solve

$$\begin{array}{rl}{y^{\prime }}^2& =x+y\end{array}$$

Solved as first order ode of type dAlembert

Time used: 0.257 (sec)

Let $p=y^{\prime }$ the ode becomes

$$\begin{array}{r}{p}^2=x+y\end{array}$$

Solving for $y$ from the above results in

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1)}& y& =p^2-x\end{array}$$

This has the form

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(*)}& y=xf(p)+g(p)\end{array}$$

Where $f,g$ are functions of $p=y^{\prime }(x)$. The above ode is dAlembert ode which is now solved.

Taking derivative of (*) w.r.t. $x$ gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}p& =f+(x{f}^{\prime }+g^{\prime })\frac{dp}{dx}\\ \text{(2)}& p-f& =(x{f}^{\prime }+g^{\prime })\frac{dp}{dx}\end{array}$$

Comparing the form $y=xf+g$ to (1A) shows that

$$\begin{array}{rl}f& =-1\\ g& =p^2\end{array}$$

Hence (2) becomes

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(2A)}& p+1=2p{p}^{\prime }\left(x\right)\end{array}$$

The singular solution is found by setting $\frac{dp}{dx}=0$ in the above which gives

$$\begin{array}{r}p+1=0\end{array}$$

Solving the above for $p$ results in

$$\begin{array}{rl}{p}_1& =-1\end{array}$$

Substituting these in (1A) and keeping singular solution that verifies the ode gives

$$\begin{array}{r}y=1-x\end{array}$$

The general solution is found when $\frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{d}x}\ne 0$. From eq. (2A). This results in

$$\begin{array}{}\text{(3)}& p^{\prime }\left(x\right)=\frac{p\left(x\right)+1}{2p\left(x\right)}\end{array}$$

This ODE is now solved for $p\left(x\right)$. No inversion is needed.

Integrating gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \frac{2p}{p+1}dp& =dx\\ 2p-2\ln (p+1)& =x+c_1\end{array}$$

Singular solutions are found by solving

$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{p+1}{2p}& =0\end{array}$$

for $p\left(x\right)$. This is because we had to divide by this in the above step. This gives the following singular solution(s), which also have to satisfy the given ODE.

$$\begin{array}{r}p\left(x\right)=-1\end{array}$$

Substituing the above solution for $p$ in (2A) gives

$$\begin{array}{rl}y& ={({\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{LambertW}(-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1-\frac{x}{2}-\frac{c_1}{2}})-1-\frac{x}{2}-\frac{c_1}{2}}-1)}^2-x\\ y& =1-x\end{array}$$

Summary of solutions found

$$\begin{array}{rl}y& =1-x\\ y& ={({\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{LambertW}(-{\mathrm{e}}^{-1-\frac{x}{2}-\frac{c_1}{2}})-1-\frac{x}{2}-\frac{c_1}{2}}-1)}^2-x\end{array}$$

✓ Maple. Time used: 0.033 (sec). Leaf size: 33

ode:=diff(y(x),x)^2 = x+y(x); 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

$$y=\mathrm{LambertW}{(-c_1{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{2}-1})}^2+2\mathrm{LambertW}(-c_1{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{2}-1})-x+1$$

Maple trace

`Methods for first order ODEs: 
-> Solving 1st order ODE of high degree, 1st attempt 
trying 1st order WeierstrassP solution for high degree ODE 
trying 1st order WeierstrassPPrime solution for high degree ODE 
trying 1st order JacobiSN solution for high degree ODE 
trying 1st order ODE linearizable_by_differentiation 
trying differential order: 1; missing variables 
trying dAlembert 
<- dAlembert successful`
 

Maple step by step

$$\begin{array}{lll}& & \text{Let’s solve}\\ & & {\left(\frac{d}{dx}y\left(x\right)\right)}^2=x+y\left(x\right)\\ \bullet & & \text{Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}1\\ & & \frac{d}{dx}y\left(x\right)\\ \bullet & & \text{Solve for the highest derivative}\\ & & [\frac{d}{dx}y\left(x\right)=\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)},\frac{d}{dx}y\left(x\right)=-\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}]\\ \bullet & & \text{Solve the equation}\frac{d}{dx}y\left(x\right)=\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}\\ \bullet & & \text{Solve the equation}\frac{d}{dx}y\left(x\right)=-\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}\\ \bullet & & \text{Set of solutions}\\ & & \{\mathit{workingODE},\mathit{workingODE}\}\end{array}$$

✓ Mathematica. Time used: 15.456 (sec). Leaf size: 100

ode=(D[y[x],x])^2==x+y[x]; 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

$$\begin{array}{r}y(x)\to W(-e^{-\frac{x}{2}-1-\frac{c_1}{2}}){}^2+2W(-e^{-\frac{x}{2}-1-\frac{c_1}{2}})-x+1\\ y(x)\to W\left(e^{\frac{1}{2}(-x-2+c_1)}\right){}^2+2W\left(e^{\frac{1}{2}(-x-2+c_1)}\right)-x+1\\ y(x)\to 1-x\end{array}$$

✓ Sympy. Time used: 3.041 (sec). Leaf size: 54

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
y = Function("y") 
ode = Eq(-x - y(x) + Derivative(y(x), x)**2,0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
 

$$[C_1+x+2\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}+2\log (\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}-1)=0,C_1+x-2\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}+2\log (\sqrt{x+y\left(x\right)}+1)=0]$$