2 Detailed timeline
| 1501-1576 | Gerolamo Cardano. Born 24 September 1501 Pavia, Died 21 September 1576 (aged 74) Italy. “Algebra. first systematic use of negative numbers. published with attribution the solutions of other mathematicians for the cubic and quartic equations, and acknowledged the existence of imaginary numbers.” |
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| 1550-1617 |
John Napier. discovered logarithms. Use of decimal point. |
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| 1561-1630 |
Henry Briggs. changing the original logarithms invented by John Napier into common (base 10) logarithms. Born 1 February 1561 Warleywood, Yorkshire, England. Died 26 January 1630 (aged 68) Oxford, England. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Briggs_(mathematician)
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| 1564-1642 |
Galileo Galilei. Born 15 February 1564, Pisa, Duchy of Florence. Died 8 January 1642 (aged 77) Arcetri. Pendulum, Gravity, astronomy. |
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| 1571-1630 |
Johannes Kepler. best known for his laws of planetary motion. Born 27 December 1571. Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt, Holy Roman Empire. Died 15 November 1630 (aged 58) Free Imperial City of Regensburg, Holy Roman Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
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| 1584-1667 |
Gregory St. Vincent. Born: March 22, 1584, Bruges, Belgium, June 5, 1667, Ghent, Belgium. Publishes in 1647 Opus geometricum quadrature ciculi et sectionum coni. First use of method of exhaustion in geometry. First use of method of chords to transform one conic to another. First use of geometric series. First to settle Zeno’s Achilles paradox. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Saint-Vincent |
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| 1596-1650 |
René Descartes. Born: March 31, 1596, France, Died: Feb. 11, 1650, Stockholm, Sweden. Wrote Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy (1641). |
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| 1607-1665 |
Pierre de Fermat. Born: 1607, Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France, Died: Jan. 12, 1665, Castres, France. Important contributions to analytical geometry, probability, number theory and calculus. |
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| 1616-1703 |
John Wallis. Publishes Arithmetica infinitorum in 1655. Created the arithmetical concept of limit. First to use the symbol \(\infty \). First to use the term hyper-geometric series in his 1655 book Arithmetica Infinitorum. |
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| 1623-1662 |
Blaise Pascal. Born: June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Died: August 19, 1662, Paris, France. projective geometry. Corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory. |
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| 1625-1686 |
Pietro Mengoli. Alternative proof that harmonic series diverges. posed the famous Basel problem, Solved by Euler in 1735. In 1650 proved that the sum of the alternating harmonic series is equal to the natural logarithm of 2. |
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| 1629-1695 |
Christiaan Huygens. One of his famous works is De horologio oscillatorio published in Paris in 1673. Invented pendulum clock. Wrote the first formal book on probability. Proposed the wave theory of light. Publication of his Opuscula posthuma in 1703 after his death. |
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| 1630-1677 |
Isaac Barrow. Professor of Mathematics in London and Cambridge. Famous for method of tangents. Publishes Lectiones geometrica (1670) and Lectiones mathematica (1683). |
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| 1638-1675 |
James Gregory. Born in Drumoak, United Kingdom. Scottish mathematician. Taylor series. Died in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. |
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| 1643-1727 |
Isaac Newton. Born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. |
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| 1646-1716 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Born in Leipzig, Germany. |
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| 1646-1716 |
Michel Rolle. Born 21 April 1652, Died 8 November 1719 (aged 67) Paris, Kingdom of France French mathematician. Rolle’s theorem (1691). Apparently he also knew about Gaussian elimination. |
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| 1655-1705 |
Jacob Bernoulli. Born in Basel, Switzerland. |
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| 1655-1705 |
Guillaume de l’Hôpital. Born Guillaume François Antoine de l’Hôpital 7 June 1661. Paris, France Died 2 February 1704 (aged 42) Paris, France. Known for l’Hôpital’s rule for calculating limits involving indeterminate forms. |
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| 1667-1754 |
Abraham de Moivre. French mathematician known for de Moivre’s formula. worked on the normal distribution and probability theory. Was Friend of Newton. |
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| 1667-1748 |
Johann Bernoulli. Born in Basel, Switzerland. |
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| 1676-1754 |
Jacopo Francesco Riccati. Born 28 May 1676 Venice, Italy, Died 15 April 1754 Italy(aged 77). Named for the Riccati ODE |
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| 1669 |
Isaac Newton becomes Chair of Mathematics in Cambridge when Isaac Barrow vacates this position for Newton. |
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| 1669 |
Isaac Newton. Writes major Work on Calculus. "De analysi" or "On Analysis by Equations with an infinite number of terms". First time the series for \(\sin (x)\) and \(\cos (x)\) derived. Also gives Quadrature rules for first time. This work was actually published in 1711. |
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| 1671 |
James Gregory. Finds power series for \(\arctan (x)\) |
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| June 13, 1676 |
Newton sends famous letter to H. Oldenburg, containing first announcement of binomial theorem using negative and fractional exponents. http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00197 |
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| 1676 |
Isaac Newton. epistola prio letter Newton sends to Leibniz giving for first time account of the Binomial series expansion |
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| 1682-1716 |
Roger Cotes. Born: July 10, 1682, Burbage, United Kingdom, Died: June 5, 1716, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Apparently Cotes knew of \(e^{i \pi }=-1\) before Euler. |
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| 1684 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Publish first paper on differential calculus. "A new method for maxima and minima, and also tangents, which is impeded neither by fractional nor by irrational quantities, and a remarkable type of calculus for this". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz |
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| 1685-1731 |
Brook Taylor. Born 18 August 1685, Edmonton, England. Died 29 December 1731 (aged 46) London, England. Taylor’s theorem, Taylor series. |
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| 1687 |
Isaac Newton. First edition of Principia Mathematica published. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica |
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| 1689 |
Jacob Bernoulli. Publication of "Treatise on infinite series and their finite sums". https://www.thocp.net/biographies/bernoulli.html |
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| 1698-1746 |
Colin Maclaurin. Born February 1698 , Scotland. Died 14 June 1746 (aged 48) Edinburgh, Scotland. EulerMaclaurin formula, Maclaurin series. Integral test for convergence. In 1742, he published a major work consisting of two volumes comprising 763 pages, A Treatise of Fluxions.
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| 1690-1764 |
Christian Goldbach. Born March 18, 1690 Prussia, Died November 20, 1764 (aged 74) Moscow, Russian Empire. Goldbach’s conjecture: Every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.
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| 1692-1770 |
James Stirling. Born May 1692, Scotland. Died 5 December 1770 (Aged 78) Edinburgh, Scotland Stirling numbers, Stirling permutations, Stirling’s approximation.
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| 1700-1782 |
Daniel Bernoulli. Born: Feb. 8, 1700, Groningen, Netherlands Died: March 17, 1782, Basel, Switzerland. Applications of mathematics to mechanics, fluid mechanics, and work in probability and statistics. |
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| 1701-1761 |
Thomas Bayes. Born 1701 London, England. Died 7 April 1761 (aged 59), Kent, England. statistician. Bayes’ theorem. |
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| 1704-1752 |
Gabriel Cramer. Born 31 July 1704 Geneva. Died 4 January 1752 (age 47), France Cramer rule. (1750). Solution to the St. Petersburg Paradox . Treatise on algebraic curves (1750).
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| 1705 |
Jacob (James) Bernoulli. Died in Basel, Switzerland |
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| 1707-1783 |
Leonhard Euler. Born April 15, 1707 in Basel, Switzerland. Many contributions. Graph theory, number theory, series expansion, integration, analysis, complex numbers. Hypergeometric series. |
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| 1713-1765 |
Alexis-Claude Clairaut. Born 13 May 1713[1] Paris. Died 17 May 1765 (aged 52) Paris Clairaut’s theorem. gravitational three-body problem |
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| 1713 |
Isaac Newton. Second edition of Principia Mathematica published. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica |
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| Nov. 14, 1716 |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Died. Hannover, Germany |
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| 1717-1783 |
Jean le Rond d’Alembert. Born. Nov. 16, 171 Paris, France. First to propose that calculus be based on concept of limit. Analytical Solution to wave equation. |
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| 1726 |
Leonhard Euler. Dissertation published (Physical dissertation on sound). |
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| March 31, 1727 |
Isaac Newton. Died. Kensington, London, United Kingdom |
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| 1728-1777 |
Johann Heinrich Lambert. Born 26 August 1728, France. Died 25 September 1777 (aged 49) Berlin, Prussia. Introduced hyperbolic functions into trigonometry. non-Euclidean space. First proof that \(\pi \) is irrational using a generalized continued fraction for the function \(\tan x\). Formula for the relationship between the angles and the area of hyperbolic triangles. Theory of map projections. |
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| Oct. 1729 |
Leonhard Euler. Letter to Christian Goldbach showing first proposal to extend factorial to positive numbers which can be non-integer. |
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| 1736-1806 |
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. Born 14 June 1736 Angoulême, Angoumois, France. Died 23 August 1806 (aged 70) Paris, France known for Coulomb’s law. the description of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb
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| 1736-1813 |
Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Born 25 January 1736, Died 10 April 1813 (aged 77) Paris, France. Lagrange equations. Succeeded Euler as director of mathematics at Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. Lagrange’s treatise on analytical mechanics. Classical mechanics. Variational calculus. Number theory.
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| 1746 |
d’Alembert discovers the solution to wave equation named after him. |
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| 1748 |
Leonhard Euler. Publishes text "Introduction to analysis of infinite". |
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| Jan. 1, 1748 |
Johann Bernoulli. Died in Basel, Switzerland. |
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| 1749-1827 |
Pierre-Simon Laplace. Born: March 23, 1749, Beaumont-en-Auge, France Died: March 5, 1827, Paris, France. Laplace’s equation, and the Laplace transform. Wrote five-volume Mécanique Céleste
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| 1752-1833 |
Adrien-Marie Legendre. Born Sep. 18 1752, in Paris, France. French mathematician. Legendre polynomials. Legendre transformation. |
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| 1755-1836 |
Marc-Antoine Parseval. Born 27 April 1755 Rosières-aux-Salines, France. Died 16 August 1836 (aged 81) Parseval’s theorem, Parseval’s identity. |
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| 1765-1825 |
Johann Friedrich Pfaff. Born 22 December 1765 Stuttgart, Holy Roman Empire. Died 21 April 1825 (aged 59) Halle, German Confederation (Prussia) Differential equations. Was Carl Friedrich Gauss’s doctoral advisor. |
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| 1765-1822 |
Paolo Ruffini. Born September 22, 1765 Italy, Died May 10, 1822 (aged 56) Italy. First proof (AbelRuffini theorem) that quintic (and higher-order) equations cannot be solved by radicals. Ruffini’s rule. group theory. probability. quadrature of the circle. |
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| 1768-1830 |
Joseph Fourier. Born March 21,1768 in Auxerre, France. Most famous for of Fourier series, and Harmonic analysis. Discovery of Greenhouse effect. |
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| 1768-1822 |
Jean-Robert Argand. Born July 18, 1768 Geneva, Died August 13, 1822 (aged 54) Paris. Argand diagram in complex analysis, the first rigorous proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. |
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| 1774-1862 |
Jean-Baptiste Biot. Born 21 April 1774 Paris, France Died 3 February 1862 (aged 87) Paris, France. Biot number. BiotSavart law |
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| 1775-1836 |
André-Marie Ampère. Born 20 January 1775 Lyon, Kingdom of France. Died 10 June 1836 (aged 61) Marseille, Kingdom of France. Ampère’s circuital law, Ampère’s force law. |
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| 1776-1831 |
Sophie Germain. Born 1 April 1776, France. Died 27 June 1831 (aged 55) Paris, France. Elasticity theory (grand prize Paris Academy of Sciences). Worked on Fermat’s Last Theorem. correspondence with Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss |
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| 1777-1855 |
Carl Friedrich Gauss. Born in Brunswick, Germany. Born April 20, 1777. Many contributions to Mathematics and Prime number theory. first satisfactory proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra. Quadratic reciprocity law. Full systematic treatment of Hypergeometric series. Hypergeometric function. |
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| 1781-1840 |
Siméon Denis Poisson. Born 21 June 1781, France. Died 25 April 1840 (aged 58) memoirs on the theory of electricity and magnetism. Applied mathematics. Poisson PDE named after him. |
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| Sep. 18, 1783 |
Leonhard Euler. Died in Saint Petersburg, Russia |
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| Oct. 29, 1783 |
Jean le Rond d’Alembert. Died. Paris, France |
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| 1784-1846 |
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel. Born 22 July 1784 Germany. Died 17 March 1846 (aged 61) Russia. Distance from the sun to another star by the method of parallax. Bessel functions. |
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| 1785-1836 |
Claude-Louis Navier. Born 10 February 1785, France. Died 21 August 1836 (aged 51) Paris Known for NavierStokes equations. |
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| 1785-1836 |
William George Horner. Born 9 June 1786, Died 22 September 1837. Approximation theory is honoured in the designation Horner’s method. |
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| 1789-1857 |
Augustin-Louis Cauchy. Born August 21, 1789 Paris, France. Foundation of analysis, complex number theory. |
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| 1790-1868 |
August Ferdinand Möbius. Born 17 November 1790 Schulpforta, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire. Died 26 September 1868 (aged 77) Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony, North German Confederation Möbius strip, Möbius transformations, Möbius transform |
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| 1791-1871 |
Charles Babbage. Born 26 December 1791 London, England. Died 18 October 1871 (aged 79) Marylebone, London, England. Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. |
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| 1793-1841 |
George Green. Born 14 July 1793, Died 31 May 1841. England. Green function, Green’s theorem.
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| 1802-1829 |
Niels Henrik Abel. Born 5 August 1802 Norway. Died 6 April 1829 (aged 26) Norway. First complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation in radicals. Elliptic functions. Abelian functions. |
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| 1803-1855 |
Jacques Charles François Sturm. Born 29 September 1803 Geneva. Died 15 December 1855 (aged 52) Paris Sturm-Liouville form of ODE. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm |
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| 1804-1851 |
Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. Born December 10, 1804, Potsdam, Germany, Died Feb. 18, 1851, Berlin, Germany. German mathematician. Elliptic functions, dynamics, differential equations, determinants, and number theory. |
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| 1805-1859 |
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. Born, 13 Feb. 1805, Duren, French Empire. Analytic number theory, formulated conditions for Fourier series convergence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gustav_Lejeune_Dirichlet |
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| 1805-1865 |
William Rowan Hamilton. Born: August 4, 1805, Dublin, Ireland. Died Sep. 2, 1865, Dublin, Ireland. Irish mathematician. Optics, classical mechanics and algebra, Hamiltonian mechanics. Quaternions. Hamiltonian equations. |
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| 1809-1882 |
Joseph Liouville. Born 24 March 1809, France. Died 8 September 1882 (aged 73) Paris, France number theory, complex analysis, differential geometry and topology. Sturm-Liouville form of ODE. |
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| 1809-1877 |
Hermann Grassmann. Born 15 April 1809 Poland. Died 26 September 1877 (aged 68), German Empire. First known appearance of linear algebra and the notion of a vector space. First axiomatic presentation of arithmetic, use of the principle of induction. Grassmann’s color law. Exterior algebra. |
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| 1810-1893 |
Ernst Kummer. Born 29 January 1810 Sorau, Prussia. Died 14 May 1893 (aged 83) Berlin, Germany. Hypergeometric series, Fermat’s last theorem. Kummer extensions of fields. |
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| 1811-1832 |
Évariste Galois. Born: Oct. 25, 1811, Bourg-la-Reine, France Died: May 31, 1832, Paris, France. Galois theory: necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals. |
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| 1813-1854 |
Pierre-Alphonse Laurent. Born 18 July 1813 Paris, France Died 2 September 1854 (aged 41) Paris, France. Laurent series |
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| 1814-1894 |
Eugène Charles Catalan. Born 30 May 1814 Brugge, Belgium. Died 14 February 1894 (aged 79). Liège, Belgium. Catalan numbers, etc... |
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| 1814-1897 |
James Joseph Sylvester. Born James Joseph 3 September 1814 London, England. Died 15 March 1897 (aged 82) London, England Sylvester matrix, etc... |
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| 1815-1897 |
Karl Weierstrass. Born: Oct. 31, 1815. Ennigerloh, Germany. Died: February 19, 1897 (age 81 years), Berlin, Germany |
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| 1815-1864 |
George Boole. Born: Nov 2, 1815, in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. Died: Dec 8, 1864 (at age 49) in Ballintemple, County Cork, Ireland Known for Boolean algebra, etc.. |
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| 1819-1903 |
George Gabriel Stokes. Born 13 August 1819 Skreen, Ireland, United Kingdom. Died 1 February 1903 (aged 83) Cambridge, England. Known for Stokes flow Stokes’ law, NavierStokes pde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet
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| 1820-1883 |
Victor Puiseux. Born 16 April 1820. Died 9 September 1883. Known for Puiseux series. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet
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| 1821-1894 |
Pafnuty Chebyshev. Born 16 May 1821 Akatovo, Kaluga Governorate, Russian Empire. Died 8 December 1894 (aged 73) St. Petersburg, Russian Empire. Known for Chebyshev polynomials, etc.. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev
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| 1821-1894 |
Hermann von Helmholtz. Born 31 August 1821 Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation. Died 8 September 1894 (aged 73) Charlottenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire Known for conservation of energy, Helmholtz classical theorem etc... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz
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| 1821 |
Augustin-Louis Cauchy. the Cours danalyse, to accompany his course in analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique |
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| 1821-1895 |
Arthur Cayley. Born: August 16, 1821, Richmond, United Kingdom. Died: Died: Jan. 26, 1895, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Algebra. CayleyHamilton theorem, Cayley’s theorem. |
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| 1822-1901 |
Charles Hermite. Born 24 December 1822. Died 14 January 1901 (aged 78) Paris. Famous for Hermite polynomials and Hermite interpolation, spline, quadratic forms, elliptic functions and algebra. |
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| 1822 |
Joseph Fourier Publishes "The analytical theory of heat". |
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| 1823-1852 |
Gotthold Eisenstein. Born 16 April 1823 Berlin, Prussia. Died 11 October 1852 (aged 29) Berlin, Prussia known for Eisenstein’s criterion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Eisenstein |
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| 1823-1891 |
Leopold Kronecker. Born 7 December 1823 Liegnitz, Prussia. Died 29 December 1891 (aged 68) Berlin, German Empire known for Kronecker delta, Kronecker product, etc.. |
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| 1823 |
Augustin-Louis Cauchy. Published Calcul Infinitésimal |
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| 1826-1866 |
Bernhard Riemann. Born: Sep. 17, 1826, Kingdom of Hanover. Died: July 20, 1866, Verbania, Italy. Formulation of the integral, the Riemann integral, and work on Fourier series. His famous 1859 paper on the prime-counting function. Riemann geometry. |
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| 1824-1887 |
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. Born 12 March 1824 Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia. Died 17 October 1887 (aged 63) Berlin, German Empire. known for Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula, Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, Kirchhoff’s theorem, Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation etc.. |
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| 1824-1907 |
Lord Kelvin. Born 26 June 1824 Belfast, Ireland. Died 17 December 1907 (aged 83) Largs, Ayrshire, Scotland known for second laws of thermodynamics and many more.. |
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| 1829-1891 |
Ludvig Lorenz. Born 18 January 1829 Helsingør, Denmark. Died 9 June 1891 (aged 62) Frederiksberg, Denmark. known for LorentzLorenz equation, etc... |
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| 1829-1900 |
Elwin Bruno Christoffel. Born 10 November 1829 Montjoie, Prussia. Died 15 March 1900 (aged 70) Strasbourg, German Empire known for Christoffel symbols, tensor calculus, etc.. |
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| May 16, 1830 |
Joseph Fourier Died in Paris, France |
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| Jan. 10, 1833 |
Adrien-Marie Legendre. Died in Paris, France |
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| 1831-1916 |
Richard Dedekind. Born 6 October 1831 Duchy of Brunswick. Died 12 February 1916 (aged 84) Braunschweig, German Empire. known for Dedekind cut, Dedekind-Peano axioms,Abstract algebra Algebraic number theory. etc... |
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| 1831-1879 |
James Clerk Maxwell. Born 13 June 1831 Edinburgh, Scotland. Died 5 November 1879 (aged 48) Cambridge, England. Mathematical physics. Maxwell’s equations. Published "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" in 1865. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field |
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| 1832-1903 |
Rudolf Lipschitz. Born 14 May 1832 Königsberg, Province of Prussia. Died 7 October 1903 (aged 71). Bonn, German Empire. known for Lipschitz continuity, Lipschitz integral condition, etc.. |
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| 1832-1918 |
Peter Ludvig Sylow. Born 12 December 1832 Christiania, Norway. Died 7 September 1918 (aged 85) Christiania, Norway known for Sylow theorems. |
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| 1833-1902 |
Lazarus Fuchs. Born 5 May 1833 Moschin, Kingdom of Prussia. Died 26 April 1902 (aged 68) Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire known for Fuchs relation, Fuchs’s theorem etc.. |
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| 1834-1886 |
Edmond Laguerre. Born 9 April 1834 Bar-le-Duc, France. Died 14 August 1886 (aged 52) Bar-le-Duc, France. known for Laguerre polynomials, Laguerre’s method, etc.. |
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| 1834-1923 |
John Venn. Born 4 August 1834 Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England. Died 4 April 1923 (aged 88) Cambridge, England known for Venn diagram, etc.. |
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| 1835-1890 |
Émile Léonard Mathieu. Born 15 May 1835 Metz, France. Died 19 October 1890 (aged 55) Nancy, France known for Mathieu functions, Mathieu groups and Mathieu transformation, etc.. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_L%C3%A9onard_Mathieu |
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| 1839-1903 |
Josiah Willard Gibbs. Born February 11, 1839 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. Died April 28, 1903 (aged 64) New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. known for Statistical mechanics, Gibbs function, etc... |
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| 1842-1917 |
Jean Gaston Darboux. Born 14 August 1842, France. Died 23 February 1917 (aged 74) Paris, France known for Darboux integral, Darboux sum. |
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| 1842-1899 |
Marius Sophus Lie. Born: December 17, 1842, Nordfjordeid, Norway. Died: Died: Feb. 18, 1899, Oslo, Norway. Norwegian mathematician. Theory of continuous symmetry, study of geometry and differential equations. differential topology. |
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| 1843-1921 |
Karl Hermann Amandus Schwarz. Born 25 January 1843 Prussia. Died 30 November 1921 (aged 78) Berlin, Germany. CauchySchwarz inequality. Improved the proof of the Riemann mapping theorem. |
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| 1844 |
Joseph Liouville proved the existence of transcendental numbers |
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| 1844-1906 |
Ludwig Boltzmann. Born 20 February 1844 Vienna, Austrian Empire Died 5 September 1906 (aged 62) Tybein, Goritz, Austria-Hungary. known for Boltzmann distribution (1868) Boltzmann equation. etc.. |
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| 1845-1879 |
William Kingdon Clifford. Born 4 May 1845 Exeter, Devon, England. Died 3 March 1879 (aged 33) Madeira, Portugal. known for Clifford algebra. |
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| 1845-1918 |
Georg Cantor. Born: March 3, 1845, Saint Petersburg, Russia Died: Jan. 6, 1918, Halle (Saale), Germany. Set theory. |
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| 1847-1920 |
Gaston Floquet. Born 15 December 1847 Épinal, France. Died 7 October 1920 (aged 72) Nancy, France. known for Floquet theory. |
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| 1849-1934 |
Horace Lamb. Born 27 November 1849 Stockport, Cheshire, England. Died 4 December 1934 (aged 85) Cambridge, England. Known for Lamb vector, Lamb waves, Lamb surfaces etc.. |
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| 1849-1917 |
Ferdinand Georg Frobenius. Born 26 October 1849 Berlin. Died 3 August 1917 (aged 67) Berlin. Differential equations (Frobenius series). first full proof for the CayleyHamilton theorem. FrobeniusStickelberger formulae |
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| 1849-1925 |
Felix Klein. Born 25 April 1849, Germany. Died 22 June 1925 (aged 76) Germany. Group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry. Died: Jan. 6, 1918, Halle (Saale), Germany. Set theory. |
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| 1851-1901 |
George Francis FitzGerald. Born 3 August 1851 Dublin, Ireland. Died 21 February 1901 (aged 49) Dublin, Ireland. Known for LorentzFitzGerald contraction |
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| 1851 |
Joseph Liouville. Publish paper showing for first time a transcendental number \(\sum _{k=1}^\infty \frac {1}{10^{k!}}\) http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Liouville.html |
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| 1853-1928 |
Hendrik Lorentz. Born 18 July 1853 Arnhem, Netherlands. Died 4 February 1928 (aged 74) Haarlem, Netherlands. Known for Lorentz group, Lorentz transformation, LorentzFitzGerald contraction etc... |
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| 1854-1912 |
Henri Poincare, Born April 29,1854. Died July 17, 1912 |
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| Feb. 23, 1855 |
Carl Friedrich Gauss Died in Gottingen, Germany |
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| 1856-1922 |
Andrei Andreyevich Markov. Born 14 June 1856 Ryazan, Russia. Died 20 July 1922 (aged 66) Petrograd, Russia Known for Markov chains, Markov processes,Stochastic processes etc.. |
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| 1856-1941 |
Émile Picard.Born 24 July 1856 Paris, France. Died 11 December 1941 (aged 85) Paris, France French mathematician. Picard iteration. differential equations. Picard’s little theorem. algebraic topology. |
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| 1856-1894 |
Thomas Joannes Stieltjes. Born 29 December 1856, Netherlands. Died 31 December 1894 (aged 38) , France. continued fractions. RiemannStieltjes integral. |
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| May 23, 1857 |
Augustin-Louis Cauchy Died. Sceaux, France |
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| 1857-1918 |
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov. Born June 6, 1857, Russian Empire. Died November 3, 1918 (aged 61) Ukrainian People’s Republic. stability theory of a dynamical system. |
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| 1858-1932 |
Giuseppe Peano. Born 27 August 1858 Kingdom of Sardinia. Died 20 April 1932 (aged 73) Turin, Italy. known for Peano axioms, Peano axioms, Peano existence theorem etc.. |
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| 1858-1936 |
Édouard Goursat. Born 21 May 1858 Lanzac, Lot. Died 25 November 1936 (aged 78) known for Goursat theorem, etc... |
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| 1858-1942 |
Andrew Russell Forsyth. Born 18 June 1858 Glasgow, Scotland. Died 2 June 1942 (aged 83) South Kensington, England. known treatises "A treatise on Dierential Equations". |
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| 1858-1947 |
Max Planck. Born 23 April 1858 Kiel, German Confederation. Died 4 October 1947 (aged 89) Göttingen, Germany. known for Planck constant, Planck Law, etc... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck
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| 1859-1919 |
Adolf Hurwitz. Born 26 March 1859 Hildesheim, Germany. Died 18 November 1919 (aged 60) Zürich, Switzerland known for RiemannHurwitz formula https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hurwitz
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| May 5, 1859 |
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet. Died (aged 54), Gottingen, Kingdom of Hanover |
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| 1859-1929 |
Karl Heun. Born 3 April 1859, Germany; died 10 January 1929, Germany. Heun’s equation, Heun special function, Heun’s method. |
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| 1860-1940 |
Vito Volterra. Born 3 May 1860 Ancona, Papal States. Died 11 October 1940 (aged 80) Rome, Kingdom of Italy. known for Volterra integral equation, etc... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Volterra
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| 1861-1941 |
Kurt Hensel. Born 29 December 1861 Königsberg, Prussia. Died 1 June 1941 (aged 79) Marburg, Germany. known for p-adic number, Hensel’s lemma, etc.... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Hensel
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| 1861-1947 |
Alfred North Whitehead. Born 15 February 1861, England. Died 30 December 1947 (aged 86) Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. mathematical logic. Wrote Principia Mathematica with Bertrand Russell. |
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| 1861-1935 |
Ivar Otto Bendixson. Born August 1, 1861, Stockholm Sweden. Died November 29, 1935 (aged 74) Stockholm Sweden. PoincaréBendixson theorem. “The PoincaréBendixson theorem, which says an integral curve which does not end in a singular point has a limit cycle, was first proved by Henri Poincaré but a more rigorous proof with weaker hypotheses was given by Bendixson in 1901” “In 1902, he derived Bendixson’s inequality which puts bounds on the characteristic roots of matrices” |
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| 1862-1937 |
Francis Sowerby Macaulay. Born 11 February 1862 Witney. Died 9 February 1937 (aged 74) Cambridge. Known for Macaulay duality,Macaulay matrix. Macaulay representation. Macaulay’s resultant, etc... |
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| 1862-1943 |
David Hilbert. Born: Jan. 23, 1862, Königsberg. Died: Feb. 14, 1943, Göttingen, Germany. German mathematician. Invariant theory, calculus of variations, commutative algebra, algebraic number theory, Spectral theory of operators and its application to integral equations, mathematical physics. |
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| 1863-1940 |
Augustus Edward Hough Love. Born 17 April 1863 Weston-super-Mare. Died 5 June 1940 (aged 77) Oxford, United Kingdom. Known for work on Theory of elasticity, KirchhoffLove plate theory, etc.. |
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| 1863-1942 |
William Henry Young . Born 20 October 1863 London. Died 7 July 1942 (aged 78) Lausanne. Known for Young’s inequality for products, Young’s Theorem, etc... |
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| 1864-1926 |
Vladimir Steklov .Born 9 January 1864 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire. Died 30 May 1926 (aged 62) Gaspra, Crimea, Soviet Union. Known for PoincaréSteklov operator. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Steklov_(mathematician) |
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| 1864-1909 |
Hermann Minkowski. Born: June 22, 1864, Aleksotas, Kaunas, Lithuania. Died: Jan. 12, 1909, Göttingen, Germany. German mathematician. Geometry of numbers. Mathematical physics. Theory of relativity. |
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| 1865-1963 |
Jacques Hadamard. Born 8 December 1865 Versailles, France. Died 17 October 1963 (aged 97) Paris, France. Known for Hadamard product, Proof of prime number theorem, Hadamard matrices. etc... |
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| 1866-1927 |
Erik Ivar Fredholm. Born 7 April 1866 Stockholm, Sweden. Died 17 August 1927 (aged 61) Mörby (near Stockholm), Sweden. Known for Analytic Fredholm theorem, Fredholm determinant, Fredholm equation, etc.. |
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| 1868-1908 |
Georgy Voronoy . Born 28 April 1868. Russian Empire. Died 20 November 1908 (aged 40) Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire. Known for Voronoi diagram, Voronoi formula, etc... |
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| 1868-1951 |
Arnold Sommerfeld. Born 5 December 1868 Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia. Died 26 April 1951 (aged 82) Munich, Bavaria, West Germany. Known for BohrSommerfeld model, Free electron model, Quantum number etc.. |
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| 1870-1951 |
Abraham Cohen. Born 11 Sep 1870, Died 25 Apr 1951 (aged 80) Professor of Mathematics, Johns Hopkins University. Published "AN INTRODUCTION TO THE LIE THEORY OF ONE PARAMETER GROUPS WITH APPLICATIONS TO THE SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS" and "The Differential Equation" book. |
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| 1872-1970 |
Bertrand Arthur William Russell. Born: 18 May 1872 Trellech, Monmouthshire. Died: 2 February 1970 (aged 97) Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales. "He was one of the early 20th century’s prominent logicians" |
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| 1873-1941 |
Tullio Levi-Civita. Born 29 March 1873 Padova, Italy. Died 29 December 1941 (aged 68) Rome, Italy. Known for work in Tensor calculus, Levi-Civita symbol, etc.. |
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| 1873-1956 |
E. T. Whittaker. Born 24 October 1873 Southport, England. Died 24 March 1956 (aged 82). Edinburgh, Scotland. Known for mathematical physics, Whittaker function, WhittakerNyquistKotelnikovShannon theorem, etc... |
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| 1875-1941 |
Issai Schur. Born 10 January 1875 Mahilyow, Russian Empire. Died 10 January 1941 (aged 66) Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine. Known for work in Matrix theory, Schur decomposition, Schur’s lemma, Schur complement. His teacher was Frobenius. |
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| 1875-1966 |
Francesco Paolo Cantelli. Born December 20, 1875 Palermo, Italy. Died July 21, 1966 (aged 90) Rome, Italy Known for work in probability. BorelCantelli lemma, GlivenkoCantelli theorem, Cantelli’s inequality, etc.. |
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| 1875-1941 |
Henri Lebesgue. Born June 28, 1875 Beauvais, Oise, France. Died July 26, 1941 (aged 66) Paris, France. Known for Lebesgue integration, Lebesgue measure. |
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| 1875 |
Karl Weierstrass. Paul duBois Reymond publishes account of Karl Weierstrass pathological function which is continuous at every point but differentiable nowhere. Karl first discovered this function in the 1860’s. If \(a\geq 3\) is an odd integer and if \(0<b<1\) such that \(ab>1+\frac {3 \pi }{2}\) then the function \(f(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty } b^k \cos (\pi a^k x)\) is such. |
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| 1877-1938 |
Edmund Landau. Born 14 February 1877 Berlin. Died 19 February 1938 (aged 61) Berlin. Known for Distribution of prime numbers, Landau prime ideal theorem. |
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| 1877-1947 |
G. H. Hardy. English mathematician. Born: Feb. 7, 1877, Cranleigh, United Kingdom. Died: December 1, 1947, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Number theory and mathematical analysis |
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| 1878-1936 |
Marcel Grossmann. Born Grossmann Marcell April 9, 1878 Budapest, Austria-Hungary. Died September 7, 1936 (aged 58) Zürich, Switzerland. Known for collaboration with Einstein. Both were students at same time at Federal Polytechnic School. Grossmann was expert in differential geometry and tensor calculus. |
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| 1879-1943 |
Guido Fubini. Born 19 January 1879 Venice. Died 6 June 1943 (aged 64) New York. Known for Fubini’s theorem, Fubini’s theorem on differentiation, Fubini numbers etc.. |
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| 1879-1955 |
Albert Einstein. Born: March 14, 1879, Ulm, Germany. |
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| 1880-1949 |
Alfred J. Lotka. Born 2 March 1880, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine) Died 5 December 1949 (aged 69) Red Bank, New Jersey, U.S. Known for LotkaVolterra equations, Maximum power principle. |
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| 1881-1940 |
Otto Toeplitz Born 1 August 1881 Breslau, Silesia. Died 15 February 1940 (aged 58) Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine. Known for Toeplitz matrix, HellingerToeplitz theorem, SilvermanToeplitz theorem. |
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| 1882-1935 |
Emmy Noether. Born: March 23, 1882, Erlangen, Germany. Died: April 14, 1935, Bryn Mawr, PA. Abstract algebra and theoretical physics. |
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| 1882-1944 |
Arthur Eddington. Born 28 December 1882. Kendal, Westmorland, England Died 22 November 1944 (aged 61) Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. Known for Arrow of time, Eddington approximation, etc.. “Provided one of the earliest confirmations of general relativity”. |
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| 1882-1970 |
Max Born. Born 11 December 1882 Breslau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire. Died 5 January 1970 (aged 87) Göttingen, Lower Saxony, West Germany. Known for theoretical physicist , Born approximation, Matrix mechanics, etc.. |
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| 1884-1944 |
George David Birkhoff. Born March 21, 1884, Michigan. Died November 12, 1944 (aged 60) Cambridge, Massachusetts. American mathematician best. ergodic theorem. Dynamical systems. Geometry. |
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| 1885-1961 |
Niels Bohr. Born 7 October 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark. Died 18 November 1962 (aged 77) Copenhagen, Denmark. Known for Bohr magneton, Bohr atom model, etc... |
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| 1885-1977 |
John Littlewood. Born 9 June 1885. Rochester, Kent, England Died 6 September 1977 (aged 92) Cambridge, England. Known for Mathematical analysis and collaboration with G. H. Hardy, Srinivasa Ramanujan. |
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| 1885-1955 |
Hermann Weyl. Born 9 November 1885, Germany. Died 8 December 1955 (aged 70) Zurich, Switzerland. Theoretical physicist. Combining general relativity with the laws of electromagnetism. |
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| 1887-1920 |
Srinivasa Ramanujan. Born: December 22, 1887, Erode, India Died: April 26, 1920, Kumbakonam, India. The Ramanujan prime, the Ramanujan theta function, partition formulae and mock theta function. Prime theory. |
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| 1887-1961 |
Erwin Schrödinger. Born 12 August 1887 Vienna, Austria-Hungary. Died 4 January 1961 (aged 73) Vienna, Austria. Known for Quantum mechanics. Schrödinger’s cat, Schrödinger equation, etc.. |
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| 1887-1985 |
George Pólya. Born December 13, 1887. Budapest, Austria-Hungary Died September 7, 1985 (aged 97) Palo Alto, California, U.S. Known for book How to Solve It, PólyaSzeg inequality Multivariate Pólya distribution, Pólya conjecture, etc... |
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| 1888-1972 |
Richard Courant. Born January 8, 1888 Lublinitz, German Empire. Died January 27, 1972 (aged 84) New Rochelle, New York, United States. Known for Courant number, Courant minimax principle, CourantFriedrichsLewy condition. real analysis, mathematical physics, calculus of variations and partial differential equations. |
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| 1890-1961 |
Erich Kamke. Born 18 August 1890, German Empire. Died 28 September 1961 (aged 71), Germany. Differential equations.
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| 1892-1987 |
Louis de Broglie. Born 15 August 1892 Dieppe, French Republic. Died 19 March 1987 (aged 94) Louveciennes, Île-de-France, France. Known for work in Quantum mechanics. De Broglie hypothesis, De BroglieBohm theory etc.. |
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| 1893-1951 |
Joseph Ritt. Born August 23, 1893 New York City, U.S. Died January 5, 1951 (aged 57) New York City, U.S. Known for work in Differential algebra. |
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| 1893-1945 |
Stefan Banach. Born 30 March 1892 Poland, Died 31 August 1945 (aged 53), Ukraine. modern functional analysis, Linear Operators, Banach spaces. 1932 book, Theory of Linear Operations.
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| 1894-1964 |
Norbert Wiener. Born November 26, 1894 Columbia, Missouri, U.S. Died March 18, 1964 (aged 69) Stockholm, Sweden Known for work in in stochastic and mathematical noise processes. Brownian motion, Wiener spaces, etc... |
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| 1894-1971 |
Heinz Hopf. Born 19 November 1894 Gräbschen, Silesia, Prussia, German Empire. Died 3 June 1971 (aged 76) Zollikon, Zürich, Switzerland Dynamical systems, topology and geometry. Known for H-space, Hopf algebra, Hopf conjecture, etc... |
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| Feb. 19, 1897 |
Karl Weierstrass Died, Berlin, Germany |
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| 1898-1962 |
Emil Artin. Born March 3, 1898 Vienna, Austria-Hungary, December 20, 1962 (aged 64) Hamburg, West Germany. “He is best known for his work on algebraic number theory, contributing largely to class field theory and a new construction of L-functions. He also contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups and fields.” |
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| 1900-1958 |
Wolfgang Pauli. Born 25 April 1900 Vienna, Austria-Hungary. Died 15 December 1958 (aged 58) Zurich, Switzerland. Theoretical physicist and quantum mechanics. Known for Pauli exclusion principle, Pauli matrices, Pauli equation, etc.. |
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| 1901-1976 |
Werner Heisenberg. Born Werner Karl Heisenberg 5 December 1901, German Empire Died 1 February 1976 (aged 74) Munich, Bavaria, West Germany. Theoretical physicist and quantum mechanics. Known for Heisenberg cut, Heisenberg model (quantum), Matrix mechanics, Uncertainty principle, etc.. |
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| 1901-1983 |
Alfred Tarski. Born January 14, 1901 Warsaw, Congress Poland. Died October 26, 1983 (aged 82) Berkeley, California, US Model theory, metamathematics. Known for modern logic, Tarski’s undefinability theorem, etc.. |
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| 1902-1984 |
Paul Dirac. Born 8 August 1902, Bristol, England. Died 20 October 1984 (aged 82) Tallahassee, Florida, US Theoretical physicist, quantum mechanics. Known for Dirac equation, Dirac operator, Gravitational waves, etc... |
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| 1903-1957 |
John von Neumann. Born: December 28, 1903, Budapest, Hungary Died: Feb. 8, 1957, Bethesda, USA. physics and computer science. |
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| 1904-1956 |
Witold Hurewicz. Born June 29, 1904 ód, Poland. Died July 6, 1956 (aged 52) Uxmal, Mexico Topology. Known for Hurewicz theorem, Hurewicz space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Hurewicz https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hurewicz/
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| 1906-1964 |
Samuel S. Wilks. Born June 17, 1906 Little Elm, Texas. Died March 7, 1964 (aged 57) Princeton, New Jersey. Mathematical statistics. Known for Wilks’s lambda distribution. |
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| 1906-1992 |
Grace Hopper Born December 9, 1906 New York City, New York, U.S. Died January 1, 1992 (aged 85) Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. Computer scientist and mathematician. Known for theory of machine-independent programming languages. FLOW-MATIC programming language and COBOL. |
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| 1906-1978 |
Kurt Gödel. Born: April 28, 1906, Austria-Hungary. Died: Jan. 14, 1978, Princeton, NJ. Incompleteness theorems. |
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| 1907-1969 |
Harold Davenport. Born 30 October 1907 Huncoat, Lancashire, England. Died 9 June 1969 (aged 61) Cambridge, England. number theory. Known for DavenportErds theorem, DavenportSchinzel sequences, etc.. |
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| 1912-1954 |
Alan Turing. mathematician and computer scientist. Born 23 June 1912 Maida Vale, London, England. Died 7 June 1954 (aged 41) Wilmslow, Cheshire, England. Known for Turing machine. |
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| 1913-1996 |
Paul Erdos. Hungarian mathematician. Born: March 26, 1913, Budapest, Hungary. Died: Sep. 20, 1996, Warsaw, Poland. |
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| 1917-2010 |
Mary L. Boas. Born March 10, 1917 Washington. Died February 17, 2010 Seattle, Washington Most known for her book Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences
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| 1955 |
Albert Einstein. Died: April 18, 1955, Princeton Medical Center, NJ |
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| 1928-2015 |
John Forbes Nash Jr.. June 13, 1928, Bluefield, WV. Died May 23, 2015 (age 86 years), Monroe Township, NJ |
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